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employed in osteoarthritis and cartilage regeneration research Pigs Used for pharmacokinetic profiling and oral bioavailability studies Cynomolgus monkeys 9-month chronic toxicology studies via oral gavage Human subjects Approximately 900 participants across six clinical trials examining safety and efficacy Research Limitations & Regulatory Status Critical Gaps in Current Evidence Despite over 25 years of research and extensive clinical testing, AOD-9604 faces substantial evidence gaps that have prevented therapeutic development

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The cAMP-Protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway is a known upstream regulator of HSL [44], phosphorylating it at S660 to enhance its enzymatic activity [45]