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A specific concentration of carvacrol or thymol is observed to cause an increase in membrane fluidity, leakage of essential ions, and limited ATP synthesis in pathogens, which is partly due to the hydrophobic character and may also be attributed to the presence of a hydroxyl group and a system of delocalized electrons in their structures, causing a decrease in the membrane pH gradient and thus interfering with ATP synthesis (Ultee et al., 2002)

Figure 2 Statements Author contributions W-xS: Conceptualization, Writing original draft, Writing review & editing

Palin K, Bluth RM, McCusker RH, Moos F, Dantzer R, Kelley KW (2007) TNF-induced sickness behavior in mice with functional 55 kD TNF receptors is blocked by central IGF-I

Procaccini C, De Rosa V, Galgani M, Carbone F, Cassano S, Greco D, Qian K, Auvinen P, Cal G, Stallone G, Formisano L, La Cava A, Matarese G