oral glutathione skin whitening randomized controlled trial 2024 Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical in Dermatology A Chronocosmetic Approach to Treating

pini using DPPH assay (EC 50 , 253.98 g/mL, maximum with hexane extraction), total antioxidant capacity (231.04 1.75 g ascorbic acid equivalents/g of dried extract, maximum with methanol extraction), total phenolic content (277.67 9.46 g GAE/g of the sample, maximum with methanol extraction), and total flavonoid content (4.95 .013 g rutin equivalent/g of dried extract, maximum with methanol extraction)

The activation of Nrf2 can stimulate autophagy, and conversely, autophagy can increase Nrf2 activation by degrading and eliminating specific intracellular proteins that inhibit Nrf2 function [122]

They work by reducing oxidative stress in the body, which may help improve dullness, uneven skin tone, and dark spots with consistent use

Eamlamnam et al