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In summary, FGF21 enhances peripheral uptake of energy both directly through FGFR-mediated pathways, and indirectly via increased adiponectin

By stimulating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities, SCFAs exert multifaceted biological effects on host health, both locally in the gut and systemically, especially in terms of gastrointestinal homeostasis, cardiovascular homeostasis, metabolic health, cancer development, and immune balance, thereby establishing their critical role in host-microbiota crosstalk [2,3,4]

Recent advances in molecular biology and genomics have revealed complex mechanisms of tumor development, increasingly highlighting the importance of molecular markers in the diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and treatment decision-making (5)

Other rare routines of administration, including inhalation, mucosal contact (Basilicata et al